Cybernetics and Second-Order Cybernetics
نویسندگان
چکیده
I. Historical Development of Cybernetics.......................................................1 A. Origins.....................................................................................1 B. Second Order Cybernetics............................................................2 C. Cybernetics Today.....................................................................4 II. Relational Concepts................................................................................5 A. Distinctions and Relations...........................................................5 B. Variety and Constraint................................................................6 C. Entropy and Information..............................................................6 D. Modelling Dynamics..................................................................7 III. Circular Processes...................................................................................8 A. Self-Application.........................................................................8 B. Self-Organization........................................................................9 C. Closure...................................................................................10 D. Feedback Cycles.......................................................................11 IV. Goal-Directedness and Control.................................................................12 A. Goal-Directedness......................................................................12 B. Mechanisms of Control..............................................................13 C. The Law of Requisite Variety......................................................14 D. Components of a Control System.................................................15 E. Control Hierarchies....................................................................17 V. Cognition............................................................................................18 A. Requisite Knowledge.................................................................18 B. The Modelling Relation.............................................................19 C. Learning and Model-Building......................................................20 D. Constructivist Epistemology.......................................................22 Bibliography...............................................................................................23
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تاریخ انتشار 2001